我国国家赔偿法归责原则探析

A Probe into Liability Doctrine of State Compensation Law

国家赔偿制度在各国的建立与完善都是近期的事情,国家赔偿的核心问题是归责原则的确定,就是以什么标准确认国家对其侵权行为承担赔偿责任,它是国家赔偿理论研究和实际立法所面临的首要问题,也是确定国家赔偿责任的关键所在。过错原则归责体系、违法归责原则体系及以公务过错为主、以危险责任为辅的归责原则体系是目前世界上通行的三个国家赔偿的归责原则体系。目前我国国家赔偿法所确立的是违法归责原则,这种归责原则具有无法克服的缺陷与不足,所以我国不应当继续实行单一的违法归责原则,而是应当构建具有中国特色的归责原则体系,该体系以违法原则为一般原则,以过错原则、无过错原则和结果原则为特殊原则,各自适用于不同的范围。

State compensation systems recently have established and improved in each country. The key to the system is to establish a liability doctrine, i.e. what standards should be taken to judge the liability of state infringement behavior, the priority of studying compensation theory and relative legislation. There are three universal liability doctrine systems, including liability system of fault principle, of law - violating principle, and that of major official - duty - fault and minor jeopardy responsibility. At present, we should not carry out the unitary law - violating principle with inherent limitations and weaknesses, but establish a new liability doctrine with Chinese characteristics, that is, taking law - violating principle as basic rule and other principles as specific regulations to adapt different fields.