公允价值的内涵、本质、计量追求与运用关键

Connotations, Essence and Measurement Pursuit of Fair Value and the Key to Its Application

本文在探讨公允价值的产生背景的基础上,比较了不同时期各国或组织的公允价值定义,并重点对FAS157的最新定义进行了分析。本文认为广义的公允价值包括过去、现在和未来三个时间界区的计量属性,狭义的公允价值即未来现金流量现值。公允价值的计量追求是对经济收益的计量。根据效用价值理论公允价值的本质是一种效用价值,根据马克思主义劳动价值理论公允价值的本质是交换价值,两者都是一种价格的估计。会计信息相关性与可靠性的权衡是公允价值的运用关键。

This article firstly accounts the background of fair value, compares different definitions of fair value at different time and in different countries and organizations. It emphasizes the latest definition of FAS157 and explains its five factors in detail. Then it analyses the theory and the measurement pursuit of fair value. It believes that the generalized fair value includes the measurement attributes in three time areas of the last, present and future, but the narrow fair value is the present value of cash flow in future, the measurement pursuit of fair value is to measure economic gains. Finally, it analyses the essence in theory and the key to its application from the perspective of economics and statistics separately. The essence of fair value is utility value according to the utility value theory, but it is exchange value according to Marxism labor theory. Both are a kind of price estimation. The balance of relevance and reliability of accounting information is the key to the application of fair value.