适期播种冬小麦主茎叶片形成和高产栽培研究

Study on Main Stem Leaf Blade Formation and High-yield Cultivation of Winter Wheat Sowed in Proper Sowing Time

[目的]为滨州地区确定适宜的播期时间范围和提高小麦产量提供科学依据。[方法]研究比较了适期播种冬小麦主茎叶片形成所需要的时间和积温,并确定出在本地区的播种时间范围和高产条件下的适宜基本苗、肥水运筹。[结果]在滨州常年适宜条件为9月28日至10月3日播种,积温600～750℃。多穗型品种的基本苗以105万～165万/hm^2为宜,中穗型品种以120万～180万/hm^2为好。有机肥、磷肥、钾肥全部基施,氮肥50%基施,50%拔节期追施,总量折尿素450～600 kg/hm^2。中穗型品种实现高产比较稳妥,小麦产量9 000 kg/hm^2以上,应选用穗数600万～675万/hm^2,穗粒数40～45个,千粒重40～45 g,穗粒重1.6～2.0 g的品种。[结论]适期播种,有利于小麦健壮生长发育,培育壮秆大穗,达到正常成熟,是提高小麦单产和大面积均衡增产的重要措施,可作为黄淮海地区小麦高产栽培的参考。

[Objective] The aim was to supply scientific basis for ascertaining proper range of sowing date in Binzhou area and enhancing the yield of wheat.[Method] The time and accumulative temperature needed by main stem leaf blade formation of winter wheat sowed in proper sowing time were studied and compared,and the sowing time range and proper basic seedlings and fertilizer and water operation under high-yield in the area were confirmed.[Result] Proper planting conditions in Binzhou area in perennial year was as follows： sowing from Sep.28th to Oct.3rd and accumulated temperature at 600～750 ℃.The basic seedlings at 105～165×10^4/hm^2 were proper for multi-spike variety and 105～165×10^4/hm^2 was proper for mid-spike variety.Organic,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were all as base application,half of nitrogen fertilizer was as base application and the other half was as top dressing in jointing stage,with the total quantity equal to 450～600 kg/hm^2 urea.The middle-spike variety was more reliable to realize high-yield,and the wheat yield was over 9 000 kg/hm^2.The variety with spike number at 600～675×10^4/hm^2,grain number per ear of 40～45,thousand-seed weight of 40～45 g and grain-weight per ear of 1.6～2.0 g should be chosen.[Conclusion] Proper sowing time was good for wheat to grow and develop strongly,cultivate strong stem and large spike and get normal maturity.It was the important measure for increasing single wheat yield and equalized increment in large area and could be taken as reference for wheat high-yield cultivation in Huanghuaihai area.