清代蒙古寺院劳动者——沙毕纳尔的生产生活状况

MONGOLIAN MONASTIC LABORERS IN THE QING DYNASTY——The Production and Living of Shabinars in Mongolian Monasteries

沙毕纳尔是清代蒙古社会阶层的重要组成部分,也是清代蒙古寺院经济中的主要生产劳动者。沙毕纳尔主要来源于蒙古王公、台吉、塔布囊等封建主的捐献或卖给;寺院畜牧业和农业生产收入的很大一部分是通过沙毕纳尔的劳动所获取;沙毕纳尔的赋役与札萨克旗阿拉巴图所承担的赋役相对轻松;管理沙毕纳尔的寺院基层行政组织称为“鄂托克”、“扎仓”、“集赛”;沙毕纳尔世世代代作为寺院和呼图克图的属民,其人身权利和自由牢牢被控制在寺院和呼图克图手中。

Shabinars were one of the important components of Mongolian classes in the Qing Dynasty, and the main producers and laborers in the Mongolian monastic economy in the Qing Dynasty. Based on documents in the Mongo- lian language in the Qing Dynasty and other related historical materials, the article makes a systematic description about the origin, constitution, production and living status, management pattern and social position of Shabinars. They were mainly contributed or sold by Mongolian feudal lords; a large part of the income from monastic stock hus- bandry and agricultural production was obtained through the labor of Shabinars; the taxes that Shabinars had to shoulder were comparatively light; organizations administering Shabinars at the basic level in the monasteries were called ＂Otog＂, ＂Jacang＂, ＂Jisa＂ ; Shabinars permanently belonged the monasteries and Hutogtu, and their rights and freedom were in the firm control of the monasteries and Hutogtu.