休谟问题与当代哲学观的重建

David Hume and Restoration of Contemporary Philosophical Views

休谟把哲学指定为"人性科学"后提出了两类问题:一类指向本体哲学的前提,即有什么理由说明宇宙世界是"物质"的、"意识(精神)"的或者"神创"的?另一类指向哲学传统思维方式,即所谓的"因果关系"并不是客观的,而是人们的一种"习惯联想"。康德用对现象和本质割裂的办法回答了第一方面问题,却在第二方面问题上搁浅了。马克思主义明确地指出,对哲学本体问题的回答离不开认识本质的揭示,人类的认识和认识能力说透了就是人类自身的生活和实践的能力;"存在的事实"与其意义、价值之间的关系绝不是单纯的理论问题,很大程度上是实践问题,只有广大人民群众的平凡生活和伟大实践,才能够产生最大的意义和价值。通过对休谟问题的考察和回答,我们深感当代中国重建哲学观的必要性:这种"重建"并非是要把已有的哲学观解肢成碎片后重新组合,也不是一般意义上的中国哲学、西方哲学和马克思主义哲学的简单拼凑,而应该是传统哲学思维和传统哲学态度的现代转变,是一种真正意义上的哲学观的重新塑造。但无论如何,走向理论自觉的文化哲学,已是当今时代提出的刻不容缓的学术重任。

After defining philosophy as humanistic science, Hume puts forward two questions：the first points to the premise of noumenal philosophy, i. e. what is the ground for the world to be material, spiritual or being created？ The other points to the traditional philosophical thinking, i. e. the so-called cause and effect relation is not objective, but some habitual association of the people. Immanuel Kant answers the first question by separating the phenomenon from the nature, but fails the second. Karl Marx points out explicitly that answer to the question of noumenal philosophy lies in the revelation of the nature of knowledge, and knowledge and the ability to gain knowledge are in essence the ability of life and practice, that the relation between the fact of existence and its meaning and value is not purely theoretical, but practical, and meaning and value could be realized only through the common life and practice of the masses. In inspecting and answering Hume＇ s questions, it could be seen that it is necessary to restore philosophical views in contemporary China, and this restoration is not the simple breakup and recombination of the existing philosophy, nor the simple mixture of the Chinese philosophy, western philosophy and Marxism, but the modem conversion from traditional philosophical thinking and attitude, the reconstruction in its real sense. However, it is the urgent academic task to move toward theoretically willing cultural philosophy.