现代中华民族观念的形成——以清末民国时期中学中国历史教科书为中心

The establishment of modern conception of Chinese nation——focuses on Chinese history textbook of middle school during the period of late Qing and Republic of China

现代意义的中华民族观念开始形成于1930年代。"中华民族"一词在清末出现时,主要有三种表述:一是指中国境内独立的各民族,二是指以汉族为主体的集合,三是指汉族。清末对中华民族的认识,经历了一个由"汉、蒙、满并列"到"汉族"的变化,各族间的关系主要表述为斗争和冲突。民国成立后,中华民族为"各民族总体"的含义被重视,民族关系表述上,有"民族一元说"和"民族同化说"等方式,强调中国各民族起源上的一致性和外族与汉族的同化。1930年代后,"民族融合"成为主要表述方式,注重中国各民族历史上的融合以及现实中的平等关系,他们互相影响,共同创造了中国的历史和文化,"中华民族"成为全民族的认同。现代中华民族观念的形成过程同时也是中国民族认识的变化过程。

The nation with modern sense established in 1930＇s. When the word “Chinese nation” appeared in End Qing, it had three expressions： first expression is the independent nations in China; second is the collection of nations whose main body is Han nationality; third expression is only Han nationality. The cognition to Chinese nation experienced a change from Coexist of Han, Meng and Man to Only Han nationality. And the relationship among nations is warship and conflict. After the establishment of Republic of China, the signification of Collection of nations was paid more attention to. For the expression of national relationship, there were different version such as nation monogenism and nation Assimilation, all are emphasized the monogenism and assimilation in genesis. In later 1930＇s, nation amalgamation became the main expression which focused on the amalgation of nations as well as the egnality. All the expression influenced each other and founded Chinese history and culture. Chinese nation has become the public cognition. The duration of modern Chinese nation establishment is also the duration of changing of cognition to Chinese nation.