从抽象的人到现实的人

From Abstract Person to Realistic Person

在西方,关于人的研究早在古希腊就已开始了,但古希腊主要是在人与自然、人与神的关系层面上讨论人自身的问题。到中世纪,人成为上帝的奴仆,人把对自身的研究变成了上帝如何造人的研究。关于人的全方位的专门研究主要是近现代以后的事情。然而,西方自文艺复兴运动直到法国启蒙哲学、德国古典哲学,都只是在抽象的层面研究人自身,以各种抽象的先天人性来规定人的本质,离开具体的社会关系、社会实践及其历史文化条件去讨论人和人的异化问题。真正"现实的人"是在后来的马克思和恩格斯的一系列著作中才得到完整的阐述,其核心精神就体现在马克思所提出的"人的本质是一切社会关系的总和"这个命题之中。

In the west ,the study on people was started in ancient Greece in early times. But it studied people mainly on the basis of the relations between the man and nature, the man and deity. In the Medieval, the research on people itself became the one which studied how God created man, given that people was regarded as God ＇ s servant. The comprehensive and professional research on people is in the modern time. However, all the studies in west, whether Renaissance of French enlightenment philosophy and German classical philosophy, studied the essence of peope in the abstract perspectives and revealed people＇s essence in congenital perspectives, without studying the man from specific view of social relations, social practices and historic and cultural condition. The concept about ＂realistic person＂ was explained comprehensively by Marx and Engels in their works. The central spirit of the concept incarnated in the proposition of ＂people＇s essence is the sum of all social relations＂ was promoted by Marx.