糖基季铵盐表面活性剂的合成与表征

Synthesis and Characterization of Sugar-based Quaternary Ammonium Salt Surfactants

用葡萄糖、乳糖与十二胺的反应及随后的烷基化反应，合成了两种含季铵阳离子基团的糖基表面活性剂，通过电喷雾质谱（ESI-MS）对所得产品及关键中间体进行了结构表征。糖胺化反应的最佳溶剂为甲醇、乙醇（对葡萄糖）和水-异丙醇（对乳糖），反应温度不高于55℃，n（糖）：n（胺）=1：（1.2-1．6）。葡萄糖的胺化和烷基化反应提纯后的收率分别为79.1％和63．7％。乳糖的胺化和烷基化反应提纯后的收率分别为83．2％和60．1％。两种季铵盐表面活性剂的CMC分别为10．0mmoL／L和5.9mmoL／L，γCMC分别为33．2mN／m和29．8mN／m。两种季铵盐质量浓度为5g/L水溶液的初始起泡高度分别为8．5cm和9．5cm，30min后为3.9cm和4．4cm。10g／L的乳糖季铵盐水溶液的帆布沉降时间为1．2S。两种季铵盐用于涤纶织物的抗静电整理，葡糖季铵盐在质量浓度为10g/L、乳糖季铵盐在质量浓度为5g/L时，就可以使摩擦静电压的半衰期下降到4s。

Two sugar-based quaternary ammonium cationic surfactants were synthesized from the reaction of glucose or lactose with dodecylamine and subsequent alkylation. The structures of the target products and the key intermediates were characterized with ESI - MS. The optimized conditions of sugar amination were as follows. The best solvents were methanol and ethanol （for glucose） and water-isopropanol （for lactose）, reaction temperature should be controlled below 55 ℃, and the molar ratio of sugar to amine was 1 ： （ 1.2 - 1.6）. The yields of amination and alkylation of glucose after purification were 79. 1% and 63.7% respectively, and those of lactose were 83.2% and 60. 1% respectively. The critical micellar concentrations of the two quaternary ammonium salt surfactants were 10. 0 mmol/L and 5.9 mmol/L and the γCMC were 33.2 mN/m and 29.8 mN/m respectively. The foam heights of two quaternary ammonium salts were respectively 8.5 cm and 9.5 cm at the beginning and 3.9 cm and 4. 4 cm after 30 min. The time of canvas wetting sedimentation in 10 g/L solution of lactose quaternary ammonium salt was 1.2 s. Both quaternary ammonium salt surfactants were applied to antistatic finishing of polyester fabric. The half-decay time could be reduced to 4 s when the concentrations of glucose and lactose quaternary ammonium salts in the applied finishing bath were 10 g/L and 5 g/L respectively