《经典释文》重纽反切的统计及结构特点

On the New Data and Structural Features of Chongniu Used in Classics Annotated and Glossed

用反切比较法和反切结构分析法重新统计观察《经典释文》首音中重纽反切,可以发现《经典释文》首音重纽反切结构具有两条规律:(1)用A或B类切上字时,切上字决定被切字的重纽归属;(2)切下字的声母类型可以区分被切字的重纽归属。按A、B类上字和非A、B类上字分别考察《经典释文》的重纽反切,仅有0.9%的反切不能区分重纽,这跟前贤认为《经典释文》不能清楚地区分重纽的看法大不相同。区分重纽时,规律1先于规律2起作用,但A、B类上字的区分率(45.13%)远远低于下字声母的区分率(95.80%)。因此,规律2是反映重纽的语音内涵的主要规律,规律1是反切和谐的表现。

It is academically recognized that the first-glossed sound according to the fanqie spelling （the ancient method of demonstrating the pronunciation of a Chinese character by using two other Chinese characters）is the standard sound accepted in Classics Annotated and Glossed （Jingdian Shiwen） prepared by Lu Deming, a famous Chinese phonologist in the Tang dynasty. Based on all the first fanqi spellings of chongniu in Jingdian Shiwen the authors have newly listed and on the statistical analyses they have made of the relationship between the categories of upper spellings and their spelled words as well as of the relationship between the categories of lower spellings and their spelled words by comparing the fanqie structure with the corresponding items in Qieyun （《切韵》）, this paper concludes that there are only 0. 9% of fanqies which cannot distinguish the chongniu doublets. And this conclusion is quite different from those reached by other scholars who believe that the fanqie in Jingdian Shiwen could not clearly distinguish the chongniu doublets. We have found two laws concerning the structure of chongniu fanqie in Jingdian Shiwen： （1） The law of the upper spelling, which belongs to the Type A and Type B that can represent the chongniu category of the spelled words. （2） The law of the lower spelling, that is, the initial class of the lower spellings hints the chongniu category. The first law means that we can know the chongniu category if we know the upper spelling belongs to Type A （the fourth division chongniu final） or Type B （the third division chongniu final）, whatever the lower spelling is. Specifically, when the upper spelling chongniu final; and when the upper spell division chongniu final. When the upper 99.51 percent of more than 1 645 chongniu fanq less than half upper fa ies. Z nql hat of the ch spellings that es of this kind is to say, the ongniu fanqies. is Type B,the spelled word belongs to the third divisio ing is Type A, the spelled word belongs to the fourt spellings are Type A or Type B, there are mor can represent the category , only accounting for 45. law of the upper spelling of chongniu. But there 13 p could ercent of the total only function prop e than are no 3 645 erly in The second law means that we can know the category of chongniu according to the initial class of the lower spellings, whatever the upper spelling is. Specifically, when the lower spelling is a Type A or a fourth division word, or its initial is Yi （以）or belongs to the Jing group （精组） or Zhang group （章组）, the category of the chongniu must be the fourth division final. On the other hand, when the lower spelling is a Type B or Type C （with velar or glottal initial） word, or its initial is Yun（云）or Lai（来）or belongs to the Zhi group （知组）, the category of the chongniu must belong to the third division chongniu final. There are 3 530 fanqies of this kind, accounting for more than 96.84 percent of the total 3 654 chongniu fanqies. The said two laws have these characteristics： in identifying the chongniu, the law of the upper spelling operates prior to the law of the lower spelling. Nevertheless, chongniu doublets actually do not tend to choose the Type A or Type B words as their upper spellings. More than half of the chongnius are not distinguished on the upper spellings, which, leading to the lower spelling, far exceeds the upper spelling in quantity and rate. Therefore, the law （2） is the main law, and reflects the phonetic connotation of chongniu, while the law （1） just reflects the harmony of the upper spelling and the lower spelling. Therefore, we come to the conclusion that Type B （the third division chongniu final） is different form Type A （the fourth division chongniu final） in chongniu doublets because they have different medials.