4John H. Franklin and Isidore Starr. The Negro in the 10^th century America [M]. New York: Random House, 1967. 414.
5Kathryn Swanson. Affirmative action and preferential admissions in higher education [ M]. Metuchen, N. J. : The Scarecrow Press, Inc, 1981.
6American Council on Education and University of California at Los Angelles Higher Education Research Institute. This year's freshmen: a statistical profile[J]. The chronicle of higher education , 2000, (1).
7American Council on Education and University of California at Los Angelles Higher Education Research Institute. This year's freshmen: a statistical profile[J]. The chronicle of higher education , 2000, (18).
8教育发展与政策研究中心.发达国家教育改革的动向和趋势[C].北京:人民教育出版社,1986.
9[美]巴兰坦.美国教育社会学[M].北京:春秋出版社,1989.122-124.
10Philip G. Altbach and Kofi Lomtey. The Racial Crisis in American Higher Education [ M]. Albany.State University of New York Press, 1991. 112-113.