一种潜在的外来入侵植物: 黄花刺茄

The potential and exotic invasive plant: Solanum rostratum

黄花刺茄Solanum rostratum Dunal.是一种入侵性极强的一年生杂草。该种原产新热带区和美国西南部,目前已扩散到加拿大、独联体(前苏联)、朝鲜半岛、南非、澳大利亚等国家或地区。我国早在1982年在辽宁省朝阳县就有报道,近年来又相继在吉林省白城市、河北省张家口市、北京市密云县等地发现了该物种。2005–2007年,在新疆境内也发现了乌鲁木齐县和石河子市两个分布区。该植物不仅严重影响草场及农田中棉花等作物的生长,而且还影响到牲畜皮毛的品质,牲畜误食后可引起中毒死亡,同时还传播病虫害。本文在广泛收集国内外研究文献基础上,结合2005–2007年对黄花刺茄在新疆入侵状况的初步观测,对该物种形态特征、在新疆的分布、繁殖特性及其潜在危害进行了总结与分析,旨在为进一步研究该植物在我国不同地区的入侵机制及繁殖与扩散对策、制定合理的防治对策提供重要的科学依据。

Solanum rostratum Dunal. is an annual weed with strong ability for invasion. The species is native to the neotropics and southwestern United States, but it is now widely distributed throughout much of the world. In China, this species was first reported in Chaoyang County of Liaoning Province in 1982, and then successively reported in Baicheng City of Jilin Province, Zhangjiakou City of Hebei Province, and Miyun County of Beijing in recent years. In 2005-2007, this species was also found in Urümqi County and Shihezi City of Xinjiang Autonomous Region. Solanum rostratum is an occasional weed in open disturbed sites such as roadsides, waste dump sites, and overgrazed pastures. It occurs in many soil types, especially in alkaline loam or clay mixtures under mesic conditions. Solanum rostratum exerts its influence on crops and pastures through competition for water, nutrients, and light throughout the growing season of the species. It is a nuisance because the sharp spines stick to skin, hair, and mucous membranes of livestock, and thus lower the quality of their skin and hair. Leaves, berries, and roots of S. rostratum contain cholinesterase inhibitory substances, which can cause livestock poisoning and even death. In addition, plant diseases and insect pests on the S. rostratum can also spread as the plant spreads. Based on a detailed review of the literature and our field observations in Xinjiang during 2005-2007, its invasion status and distribution in Urümqi County and Shihezi City, morphological and reproductive characteristics, and potential harm of S. rostratum are summarized and analyzed in this paper. Our purpose is to provide background information for further studies of the invasion mechanism, reproductive and spreading characteristics, and the design of control strategies of S. rostratum in China.