清代关中渭河流域洪涝灾害研究

Study on Flood Disasters in the Guanzhong Region of the Weihe River Basin in the Qing Dynasty

通过对历史文献资料的搜集、整理、分析,对清代关中渭河流域洪涝灾害的时间、空间特征、灾害的等级序列和灾害成因进行了研究。结果表明:清代渭河流域关中段洪涝灾害共发生130次,平均每2.06年发生1次。清代中后期,洪涝灾害发生频率显著增加。该流域洪涝灾害的发生主要集中在渭河中下游的大荔、华县、华阴、渭南、潼关5县市。根据涝灾的等级序列可以得出,清代该流域2级涝灾发生次数最多,其次为1级偏涝灾,3级大涝和4级特大洪涝灾害发生次数较少。清代该流域洪涝灾害多发的主要原因是由气候波动和流域自身的地形、降水特征等因素决定的,人为因素加剧了灾害的发生频率和强度。

After collecting, interpreting and analyzing the historical materials, in this study the temporal and spatial distribution, grade series and formation causes of flood disasters in the Guanzhong region of the Weihe River Basin in the Qing Dynasty are studied. The results show that 130 flood disasters occurred in the Guanzhong region of the Weihe River Basin in the Qing Dynasty, and a flood disaster occurred every 2.06 years in average. The oc- curring frequency of flood disasters increased obviously at the mid- and late stage of the Qing Dynasty. Food disasters occurred mainly in the regions along the mainstream in the middle and lower reaches of the Weihe River, especially in Dali, Huaxian, Huayin and Tongguan counties and Weinan City in the lower reaches. According to the grade series of flood disasters, the occurring frequency of flood disasters at second grade was the highest and for 82 times in the drainage basin in the Qing Dynasty, which occupied 63.1% of the total flood disasters; and then that at first grade and for 24 times, which occupied 18.5% of the total. The occurring frequency of flood disastes at third and fourth grades was low, they occurred for 16 and 5 times and their proportions were 12.3% and 4.6% of the total, respectively. The high occurring frequency of flood disasters in the drainage basin in the Qing Dynasty was mainly caused by climatic fluctuation and other natural factors, such as the topographical conditions and heavy rainfall, and the occurring frequency and intensity of flood disasters were increased under the artificial destruction to the entironment in the drainage basin.