“吃人”命题的世纪苦旅——从鲁迅《狂人日记》到莫言《酒国》

A Painful Century Journey of the Theme of "Man-Eating"——From Diary of a Madman written by Lu Xun to Wine Land written by Mo Yan

莫言的《酒国》是在鲁迅传统及《狂人日记》的影响下创作的长篇小说,由于"吃人"主题的再现从而与《狂人日记》取得了某种精神对应。两篇小说中的"吃人"内涵同中有异。第一层面都指向真正的肉体"吃人"。第二层面是指向象征意义上的"吃人",《狂人日记》侧重于文化文明层面的批判,《酒国》侧重于现实政治层面的批判。两者的"吃人"都具有巨大的同化性与普适性,启蒙者形象被彻底解构,表现了改造"吃人"文化的艰难。两者都表达了对未来的焦虑和渴望。第三层面可作普遍的人类学意义上的理解。产生于20世纪的《狂人日记》和《酒国》体现的人道立场、启蒙态度、民主观念与批判精神,使之和古代的同类"吃人"题材的作品划上一道分水岭。

Wine Land written by Mo Yan was affected by Lu Xun ＇ s tradition and Diary of a Madman, which has the same spirit with Diary of a Madman because of the theme of ＂man - eating＇. The significance of ＂man - eating in the two novels is nearly the same, but somehow different. First, ＂man - eating＂ means man＇ s body is eaten. Secondly, ＂man - eating＂ can be understood from the angle of symbol, which Diary of a Madman lays particular emphasis on criticism of culture and civilization, Wine Land on criticism of reality and politics. Thirdly, ＂man - eating＂ can be comprehended with the significance of anthropology. The two novels born in the 20th century have reflected humanity, attitude of enlightenment, opinion of democracy and spirit of criticism, which distinguishes the novels with the same ＂man -eating＂ theme in the ancient time.