论明清移民与文山地区的开发(1382-1840)

Discussion of Immigration in Ming and Qing Dynasty and Development of Wenshan Region (1382—1840)

对今文山地区来说,移民活动的高潮是到了清代中叶特别是雍正朝大规模改土归流之后始出现,外地汉族移民主要分布在府县治所及其周围、交通大道沿线集镇,少数民族则主要居住在广大的山区、半山区。与明代相比,文山地区在清代得到较大的开发,特别是玉米的传入并迅速成为山区的主要作物,促进了山区的农业开发。清政府对边疆民族地区政治统治的进一步加强,地方政府对教育的积极倡导,特别是汉民的迁入并逐渐向其他民族聚居地区渗透、扩散,这些都对文山民族社会产生了渐进的影响,导致其社会逐渐发生缓慢的变迁。不过,由于移民的数量及其分布尚较为有限,民族地区的变迁是较为缓慢的,这也是今天部分民族村寨仍保存下来较多的民族传统习俗的基本原因。

Large immigrations to the present Wenshan region went to high tide in the middle of Qing Dynasty, especially after being reformed and conformed in Yongzheng＇s reign. Han immigrants were mainly distributed in the control limits of counties, other areas around the countries, or in the towns along main traffic roads, while minority ethnic groups mainly lived in mountain area or semi-mountain area. Compared with Ming Dynasty, Wenshan developed in more aspects in Qing Dynasty. Corn was introduced and swiftly became the main crop in the mountain area, which promoted the development of agriculture there. Qing government ruled the frontier areas with further enhancement, and local government advocated actively education, especially the Han immigrants moved to and interacted with other ethnic groups. All these brought small effects on the society of Wenshan＇s ethnic groups, thus resulting in slow transition of the society. Owing to limited population and distribution of the immigrants, the change of the areas of ethnic groups was not fast. That＇s why much more traditional customs of the ethnic groups have been kept up to nowadays in some of ethnic groups villages.