人类活动对中国滨海湿地的影响及其保护对策

Impact of Human Activities on Coastal Wetlands in China

人类为了获取大量生产和生活资料对滨海湿地资源进行了大规模的开发利用活动,给滨海湿地生态系统带来了严重的负面影响,如石油开发造成了石油污染、植被退化和动物栖息地减少等,大大降低了滨海湿地的生态功能和社会与经济效益。以辽河三角洲湿地、黄河三角洲湿地、红树林湿地等滨海湿地为例,从石油开发、湿地污染、土地利用变化、湿地开发、城市和港口建设、水利工程建设、湿地水文过程和热带海岸开发等方面探讨了人类活动对中国滨海湿地的影响,并提出了保护滨海湿地的对策和建议。

Coastal wetland contains abundant natural resources and is important to the environment and ecology. It can store water or reduce the ocean current and also be a good supply of ground water. It can detain the nutri ents, remove or transform the harmful elements. It is a huge gene bank for us. But coastal wetland is a vulnera ble and sensitive ecological area that human being must get on well with. China has a long coast from north tO south. Now, Chinese coastal wetlands have been impaired seriously due to the pressure of population growth, and the economic and industry develops. To obtain a large amount of production and subsistence, human beings have brought some negative impacts on coastal wetland when we exploited the resources of the coastal wetland. Then, the functions of the coastal wetland have been decreased. The main threats for the coastal wetlands are as following： （1）the exploration of the oil creates the oil pollution; （2）the vegetation degeneration; （3） the losing of animal inhabited area; （4）the overuse of biological wetland resources; （5） human beings and industrial waste dumping and destruction of habitat during development; （6） the exploration of the tropics coastal wetland. Now, some progresses in study and protection of Chinese coastal wetland have been made, and some achievements in wetland resource investigation and technical means have been made. On the whole, the study level of coastal wetland and the study about human activities are poor. The impact of human activities on the coastal wetland from below aspects was discussed in the paper. They are exploration of the oil, construction of water conservancy facility, wetland development, agricultural pollution, highway construction, the exploration of mangrove forest and coral reef. How seriously the wetland had been im- paired by the human activities was shown in the paper. Furthermore, some suggestions and countermeasures for protection of coastal wetlands were pointed out in the paper： （1）to classify the coastal wetland resources ; （2）to develop the coastal wetland resources effectively; （3）to establish the demonstration sites for protecting the coastal wetland; （4）to reduce the pollution from agriculture and industry; （5）to increase the public awareness of protecting coastal wetland; （6） to strengthen the scientific research and enhance the international cooperation; （7）to strengthen the legislative work to insure the management and the protection of the coastal wetland.