中国古代心理思想中的感应观念

Address-response In Ancient Chinese Psychological Thoughts

与主流心理学所采用的机械因果观念不同的是,中国古代心理思想所采用的是类似于现代物理学"场"概念的感应观念。其特征是:注重整体性、远距作用及象征意义。感应以关系为核心,具有主体间性、创造性、象征性。受感应观念影响,中国古代心理思想认为可以通过修养工夫恢复人心的本来状态,道家关心如何对来感者作出回应,儒家则重视以真诚的感唤起对方的应。在实践方面,人际交往之对等回报原则、与理想人格相感通的诠释途径、"德政"的治国理念、教学相长的教育方法、培养感性以承担责任的道德发展观,都体现了感应观念。感应观与因果观形成互补关系,可扩大心理学的视野,在异化的世界里恢复生命的意义感。

In essence, the mechanical cause - effect concept espoused by mainstream psychology is established on the principle of ＂physical closeness.＂ Under the domination of this kind of theoretical logic, mainstream psychology emphasizes part rather than whole; similarly, it stresses on entity rather than manifestation, resulting in selective ignoring, such as shutting the eyes to forms, long - distance effect, complicated phenomena, the significance of lives, etc. In this manner, there may appear disastrous consequences in that while depriving all things of a sense of beauty in the human mind, people are able to treat everything in nature at will, and thus, science creates an ugly world. In contrast to the mechanical cause - effect concept or the law of physical closeness espoused by mainstream psychology, field theory proposed by physics and biology as well as by Gestalt and Jungian psychologies is based on the long- distance effect. Inspired by this theoretical logic and hoping to compensate for the deficiencies in the mechanical cause - effect concept, some psychologists have begun to break through the limits of the mechanical cause - effect concept and focus on the influence of the whole on the part, the form, the symbol, etc. In comparison with the traditional scientific mode that aims at obtaining certainty, the Chinese traditional culture underlines probability and creativity. In ancient Chinese thoughts, field theory is present in the address - response perspective, which covers interpersonal communication, sympathy among the same species, and the turns of events. With relationship being at the center, address - response characterizes inter - subjectivity, creativity, and imagery. In line with this idea, the original mental state, the thing in itself, could be retrieved through cultivation. Thus, the principle that the thing in itself is regained through cultivation with practice being prioritized over theory is a great characteristic of ancient Chinese psychological thoughts. However, the Taoist approach places emphasis on how to make an appropriate response, while the Confucian one is more concerned with how to evoke a response in light of a sincere address. At the applied level, address - response finds its way to reciprocity in （1） interaction, （2） interpretative approach involved in ideal personality, （3） moral politics embodied by state governance, （4） reciprocal teaching in education, and （5） the awareness - responsibility enhancement in moral development, all of which are included in ancient Chinese psychological thoughts. Despite the lack of accuracy, ancient Chinese psychology paves a new path in its developm6iat. Its essential messages are that （1） active participation in the address - response process leads to a relationship and consequently creativity, （2） imagery discourse works better in the emotional facet of interaction, （3） appreciating and understanding this world requires the address - response approach, and （4） experiences with life and everyday knowledge are important. In this manner, there is no dout^t that anClffllt LIllIlC;b~ p^yt, llutuf：Cuo,~ r^-~ 1＂ ~ . .. - . . for modem psychology. Being an open system, sumlar to modem physics, psychology needs to asslrmlate all that ancient oriental thoughts can offer, thereby helping people out of their psychological predicament in this alienated world and guiding them back to their spiritual homes that are in harmony with society as well as nature.