托玛斯·阿奎那人性论初探

Exploration on the Human Nature Theory of Thomas Aquinas

托玛斯从人是理性的动物这个定义出发建构了其人学体系。作为由灵魂和肉体构成的复合实体,人的灵魂通过肉体实现其个体化并在与肉体的结合里得到完满的实现。而灵魂是构成人的形式,人之为人的本质规定性来自于灵魂,因为灵魂具有理智和意志的能力,所以透过灵魂的运作,使得人能够进行思考,做出抉择。进而,托玛斯又通过对人是一个位格的探讨,进一步强调人的尊贵不仅因为现实存在的人都是个别的,而且还来自于人的理性本性,这种理性本性不仅赋予人具有精神追求的能力,而且还引导人的精神追求达到至高善——上帝,并在与上帝的契合中实现其最高的幸福。

Thomas established his humanistic system by the definition of “human bcings are rational animals”. Human is a compound substance of soul and body, the soul actualizes its individuation by body and is perfected by uniting with the body. Soul, which ordains a human being as a human being, is the form of a human being. Because soul has the ability of intellect and will, through the operation of soul a human being can reason and make his choice. Then, through discussing a human being is a person, Thomas emphasizes the human dignity is not only because that an actual human being is individual, but also because the human being has the nature of reason. The nature of reason cndows a human being with the ability to will which leads a human being to the supreme goodness——God, and attains to the ultimate happiness by uniting with the God.