清初顺治朝巡抚之属籍

Provincial Governor' Origin in Shunzhi Period of the Early Qing Dynasty

清朝于顺治元年入关,至十八年基本统一中国内陆。其所依靠的统治地方的军政首脑,主要是来自与满洲贵族利益关系密切的八旗汉军。清朝沿用"明制",以总督、巡抚掌管地方大权,其中巡抚以民政为主,至关重要。据统计、考证,顺治朝出任巡抚者125人,其中97人为汉军旗人,占78%,余22%为汉族籍。汉族籍出任巡抚,主要是清朝入关之初,满洲贵族出于拉拢汉族官僚士大夫及地方汉族势力的需要。随着清朝统治日趋巩固,汉军旗人几乎垄断了巡抚之职,汉族籍巡抚寥若晨星,且受到汉军督抚的节制、监控。因此可以说,清朝入关与汉族政权角逐,化劣为优,最终取得开国胜利,与其利用汉军旗人出任督抚,争夺掌握地方大权,有着密不可分的关系。

Qing Dynasty united the inland of China within the eighteen years since Empire ShunZhi ruled the centre of China. The military chief, dominating the local people, was the Chinese Eight Banners, who were from Chinese and had a dose relationship with Manchuria aristocrats. Qing Dynasty continued to use the system of Ming, in which governor - general and provincial governor controlled the local power. Above all, provincial governor was in charge of civil administration. It is counted and convinced that there were one hundred and twentyfive provincial governors in ShunZhi Period, among which ninety-seven , seventy - eight percent, were Chinese Eight Banners. The rest twenty - two percent were Chinese. The reason why Chinese became provincial governor was that Manchuria aristocrats intended to make use of Chinese bureaucrats and local Chinese power at the beginning of Oing. But with the strengthening of Oing＇s ruling, Chinese Eight Banners almost monopolized the position of provincial governor, Chinese provincial governors were few. They were controlled and supervised by Chinese highest provincial officials. In general, Oing defeating Chinese political power and dominated the central plains of China contributed to the using of Chinese Eight Banners to be the highest provincial officials and in charge of local powers.