自由的人如何实现?——席勒与马克思的回答比较

How to Realize Free Human——Comparison of Answers between Schiller and Marx

席勒认为现实的人的异化是人性的分裂和堕落造成的,通过审美和艺术教育可以恢复其自由、完整的本性。马克思认为,现实的人是有意识的存在者,并按照美的规律进行改造自然的劳动,对象化和异化构成劳动的两面,劳动创造了美,也使劳动者异化,异化的现实是现代人的基本生存处境。异化的消除必须依靠劳动实践,因为异化的产生和扬弃走着同一条路,共产主义作为美的肯定正是对异化劳动的扬弃,是人的本性的全部复归和自由的完全实现。与席勒的抽象的理论思考不同,马克思从人的有意识的实践出发,彻底告别了机械唯物主义和一切唯心主义,认为实践是消除人的异化,通达人类完全自由的共产主义的唯一出路;实践的对象(自然界)、主体(人)以及活动本身,都是感性的。这使马克思美学蕴涵着现代性的气息,从而与席勒形成极大的差异。

Schiller believed that the alienation of the real life human was caused by the humanity division and degeneration. Through aesthetic and art education, free and entire human nature can be resumed. Marx regarded the real life human as consciously existence, and labor reformed the nature according to the aesthetic law. Objection and dissimilation composed the two sides of laboring. Labor created beauty and made the laborer alienated. He held that the reality of alienation is the basic living circumstances. Alienation eliminating must rely on labor practice as humanity production and sublate are on the same road. Communism, as aesthetic acknowledgement, is rightly the sublating of dissimilated labor,the total reset of human nature and the entire realization of freedom. Different from Schiller＇s ,abstract theoretic consideration, Marx began with human beings＇ conscious practice, thoroughly part with dialectical materialism and all the idealism. Practice is also the way to dispel human＇s alienation and the way to the communism of thorough human freedom. The object of practice （nature）,subject （human） and the activity itself are all emotional, which made Marx＇s aesthetics implicates modern atmosphere. These are extremely distinguished from Schiller＇s concept.