社会主义改造完成后引入市场机制的先声——陈云与1956年农村自由市场的开放

A Harbinger in the Introduction of Market Mechanism After the Completion of Socialist Transformation:Chen Yun and the Opening of Rural Free Markets in 1956

中国的社会主义三大改造是与市场调节机制退出经济运行同步进行的。而市场调节机制从农村经济退出的表现之一就是自由市场的关闭。陈云最早发现了由此产生的严重弊端,并提出了在国家计划市场为主体的前提下,开放农村自由市场。这个设想的付诸实施,也确实活跃了城乡经济。但是自由市场在短缺的条件下,必然会对高积累和农副产品统购统销产生冲击,同时也为农民脱离集体经营和集体经济进而脱离国家计划控制提供了空间。因此,在1957年社会主义教育运动之后自由市场就又被关闭了。尽管如此,这次短暂的探索不仅为后来的改革积累了历史经验,而且使人们认识到如果没有生产环节的变革,仅有流通环节的改革是行不通的。

The three major socialist transformations were carried out simultaneously with the withdrawal of market regulation mechanism from the economic operation and one of the expressions of this withdrawal from rural economy was the closing of free markets.Chen Yun was among the first to discover the serious problems caused by this measure and proposed to open the free markets in the countryside while taking the state planned market as the mainstay.The implementation of this proposal indeed invigorated the urban and rural economy.However,under the conditions of short supply the free market inevitably produced negative impact on high accumulation and state monopoly for purchase and marketing of farm produce and sideline products and provided space for the peasants to break away from the collective operation and economy and then further break away from the state planning.So in the wake of socialist educational movement in 1957 the free market was again shut down.In spite of this,this short-term exploration not only accumulated historical experience for the reform later but also made the people to realize that it would not do to reform only the circulation link without any change of production link.