论预期违约的形态——兼析预期违约与不安抗辩之关系

ON THE FORM OF ANTICIPATORY BREACH——And the Relation with Einredederunsicherkeit

在英美判例法中,预期违约包括预期拒绝履行和预期履行不能两种形态。此外,美国《统一商法典》、联合国《国际货物销售合同公约》以及国际统一私法协会《国际商事合同通则》还规定了另外一种形态的预期违约,即推定的预期违约。大陆法系中的不安抗辩与推定的预期违约既有联系,又有区别,但与默示预期违约则是两个不同的概念和范畴。我国《合同法》第68条和第69条之规定,实质上是以不安抗辩为基础而构建的预期违约制度。

In British and American case laws, there are two forms of anticipatory breach, that is, renunciation before performance and impossibility before performance. There is another form of anticipatory breach, inferred anticipatory breach, in the Uniform Commercial Code of the United States, United Nations Convention on International Sale of Goods and General Rules of International Commercial Contract. In the civil law, einredederunsicherkerit is on one hand closely associated with inferred anticipatory breach, but on the other hand there is difference between them. According to item 68 and 69 in Contract Law of our country, the inferred anticipatory breach is constructed on the basis of einredederunsicherkeit.