摘要
文章分析了斯威士兰一个治理退化土地的社区牧业项目。利用访谈、问卷和从焦点组得来的数据,文章研究表明,对自然资源管理在地方尺度内采用的参与式、分级管理方法与国家级的权利机构联系紧密。在牧业项目实施过程的不同阶段出现诸多的成功经验和未解决的问题,反映了当地社会经济重点的差异和当地居民根据各自的生计目标对时间和劳力的经营方式的不同。然而,项目明显对牲畜占有者有利,而他们本身就是社区中拥有较高社会和政治地位的强势群体。本文讨论的重点是,为了使自然资源的参与式管理对整个社区更有效,项目应该首要关注当地的生态问题,而不是处理那些受制于当权阶层的环境事务。这需要各级社会、政治关系的改变和新制度的建立。
This paper examines a community grazing project to rehabilitate degraded land in Swaziland.Using data from interviews,questionnaires,and focus groups,we show that the ways in which participatory,decentralized approaches to natural resource management play out at the local level are closely linked to national-level power structures.The successes and issues that emerge at different stages of the grazing project reflect local socioeconomic priorities and show how people manage their time and labor according to household livelihood goals.However,the project favored the interests of cattle owners who were already the more socially and politically powerful members of the community.We argue that for participatory natural resource management to be more meaningful to communities,projects should focus on local ecological priorities,rather than addressing the environmental concerns that are rooted within existing dominant power structures.This requires change to social and political relationships across levels and the building of new institutions.
