两周金文的第二人称代词及一些相关问题

The Second Personal Pronouns in the Bronze Inscriptions of the Western and Eastern Zhou Dynasties and some Concerning Problems

两周金文共有的第二人称代词有"女"、"乃"、"尔",它们的语法功能一直比较稳定。"余、朕、女、乃"和"我、尔"在殷商以前可能属于不同方言,后者之进入前者所在方言,可能就是为了补前者不表复数之不足。第二人称代词在殷商西周时可通用于各种身份的人之间,到东周春秋时期逐渐有了限制。从殷商西周到春秋战国,随着称谓礼仪的发展,称谓系统也发展得愈益丰富完善。

The second personal pronouns in the scripts on bronze during the Western and Eastern Zhou Dynasties such as ＂ru＂, ＂nai＂ and ＂er＂ were relatively stable in grammatical functions. The expressions of ＂Yu, Zheng, Ru, Nai＂ and ＂Wo, Er＂ might belonged to different di- alects before the Ying and Shang Dynasties, the latter entering into the dialect of the former probably to make up for the lack of the function to indicate the concept of pluralism. The second personal pronouns during the Ying, Shang, and Western Zhou dynasties had been commonly used between people with different identities. Then they went through gradual limit in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. From the Ying, Shang, Western Zhou Dynasties to the Spring and Autumn, and Warring States Periods, with the development of the protocol rituals, the appellation system be- came enriched and perfected.