生活盛宴的局外人:斯堪的纳维亚及芬兰文学中的孤独主题传统(英文)

Outcast from Life’s Feast:Some Topoi of Loneliness in Scandinavian and Finnish Literature

19世纪晚期与20世纪早期的斯堪的纳维亚及芬兰文学的主要特征之一就是其孤独主题从"生活盛宴"的主题传统中可以有效地挖掘这一主题在H·易卜生、O·汉松、S·克尔凯郭尔、E·雷诺、A·默恩、H·瑟德尔贝里和A·斯特林堡等人的作品中可以经常发现这样的人物描写:他们或忍受孤独,或是生活盛宴外的流浪者这些作品常表现为以第一人称叙述的长、短篇小说,其主题背景在希腊、罗马哲学著作中可以找到,也可在19世纪的欧洲文学中找到,如B.贡斯当的《孤单》。乔伊斯也是一个代表。在《青年艺术家的肖像》中具有乔伊斯另一自我之称的斯蒂芬.代达勒斯就自我感觉是"世界文化盛宴的羞答答的访客";在短篇小说《痛苦的往事》中,达菲感到"他是生活盛宴的局外人"。在更后期的文学中,孤独主题传统也间或出现,如芬兰作家M.瓦尔塔里的作品。斯堪的纳维亚文学中孤独主题流行的部分原因是其他国家特别是法国世纪末理想造成的。另一方面,孤单的感觉源于新的城市生活,人类生活中所有的新发明和机器文明。

One of the most obvious features of late 19th and early 20th centuries Scandinavian and Finnish literature is the theme of loneliness. An efficient means of underlining this theme is the topos of ＂life＇s feast＂. In Scandinavian literature, for instance, in the works of Henrik Ibsen, Ola Hansson, SCren Kierkegaard, Eino Leino, Arvid Moerne, Hjalmar Soederberg and August Strind？ berg we often find descriptions of people who suffer from the feeling of loneliness and who feel themselves as outcast from life＇s feast. Such descriptions are often novels or short stories told in the first person. Of course, this was not only a Scandinavian theme or topos. Its background can be found in some Greek and Roman philosophical works. It can also be found in the 19th century European literature, for instance in Benjamin Constant＇s novel Adolphe. One interesting writer in this respect is James Joyce, whose alter ego Stephen Dedalus, in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, feels himself as ＂a shy guest in the feast of the world＇s culture＂. Respectively, James Duffy, in Joyce＇s story ＂A Painful Case＂, feels that ＂he had been outcast from life＇s feast＂. Occasionally, this topos occurs even in later literature, e.g. in Mika Waltari＇s novella Neljae paeivaenlaskua （1949, Four Sunsets）. The popularity of the theme of loneliness in Scandinavian literature was partly a result of the use of foreign, especially French models and fin-de-siecle ideals. On the other hand, the feeling of loneliness was due to the new urban life, all the new inventions and the mechanization of human life.