朝圣与旅游:特纳“类中介性”研究与旅游人类学

Pilgrimage and Tourism:Turner's Limineality and Tourism Anthropology

维克多·特纳(Victor Turner,1920-1983)是英国人类学“曼彻斯特学派”的代表人物之一,最初擅长冲突与仪式的研究。他在对非洲恩丹布人的仪式研究中,从象征意义着手,深入探讨了象征的本质属性及象征研究的方法,最终成为象征人类学理论研究大师。特纳继承发扬了阿诺德·范·盖内普(Arnold Van Gennep,1873-1957)“通过仪式”的思想,对其仪式的三段论分析作了更深层的解释,特别是将研究重心放在仪式的第二阶段,大大推进和深化了范·盖内普的仪式理论,并最终将之应用与一种特殊形式的旅游研究,即“朝圣”现象。特纳关于朝圣研究理论及所创造的一系列分析概念,成为旅游人类学研究开始在人类学理论中生根发芽的第一步,由此奠定“类中介性”作为旅游过渡仪式研究的基础。

Victor Turner（1920-1983）was one of representative figure of “The school of Manchester” of Britain＇s anthropology.At the beginning he was good at conflict and study ceremony.He had studied the symbolic meaning of the Ndembu＇s ritual in African,thoroughly probed into the essential attribute and the research of symbolism,became theoretical research master of symbolic anthropology finally.Afterward,Turner had developed the theory of“rites of passage”by Arnold Van Gennep,（1873-1957）he deeply explained and boosted the second stage in “rites of passage ”theory and finally applicated it in one special travel research namely“pilgrimage”phenomenon.Turner also created a series of the concept about pilgrimage and which make tourism anthropology studies made the first step in anthropology theory,therefore he established the important concept“limineality”as foundation of in the travel transitional ritual.