英国文官制度述论

A Comment on British Civil Service

英国是世界上最早建立文官制度的国家,它在1870年就确立了文官制度,截至目前为止已经有一百三十多年历史。英国文官制度的形成和确立经历了长期、曲折和复杂的过程。文官制度的建立过程与英国的政治体制变化紧密相关。17世纪中叶英国资产阶级革命前,英国是一个封建君主专制的国家,它的文官制度表现为“恩赐官职制”;英国资产阶级革命后,两党制日益成熟,它的文官制度表现为“政党分赃制”;第二次世界大战后,科学技术飞速发展,尤其是五六十年代,欧美等国发生了新技术革命,使政府的专业化程度日益加强,它的文官制度表现为“考试择优录用制”。现在英国的文官制度是1968年改革后的产物。本文仅对英国文官制度产生的过程、特点及影响进行述评,使我们从中有所借鉴。

Britain is one of the earliest countries which established the Civil Service. It has been 130 years since its establishment in Britain in 1870. The formation and establishment of British Civil Service has experienced a long, tortuous and complicated process, which has a close connection with the changes of British Political System. In the middle of 17th century, before the British bourgeois revolution Britain is a feudal autocratic country. The Civil Service embodies ＂conferring a title by the king＂. In the later period of bourgeois revolution, two-party system was getting mature, and the civil service embodies ＂political parties sharing the spoils＂, after the second world war, the technological science was develo- ping rapidly, especially in 1940＇s and 1950＇s, the new technological revolution was happened in American and European countries, which enhance the specializing degree, and then its civil system embodies ＂selecting the best by the examination＂. The present British Civil Service is the production of the revolution in 1968. This article only relates the developing process, characters and influence of Civil Service, from which we can know something.