论中世纪城市宪政的商人构建特性

On the Role of Merchants in the Construction of Constitutionalism in Medieval Cities

辨析宪法(宪政)与民事权利、商事权利(民法与商法)之间的关系,既可以从价值、逻辑层面展开,也可以把宪政发展的历史进程作为解说的依据。对于西方宪政(宪法)的发展而言,中世纪城市的复兴与城市的治理是一个关键的环节,因此,历史性地描述中世纪城市宪政的形成与商人追求之间的关系,对于理解宪政(宪法)与民商法之间的关系便具有了一定的经验性意义。从中世纪城市的复兴与城市的治理来看,职业商人对商事自由的需求是中世纪城市宪政形成的基础性原因,职业商人所使用的工具则包括在商人的职业意识与职业能力主导下所形成的商人法、商事组织的构造与管理能力以及根源于西方历史的法治意识与法治能力,而商人职业精神与职业素质得以展示与发挥的空间则是中世纪的商业城市。

The relationship between Constitution （Constitutionalism） and the Civil and Commercial Laws （Civil and Commercial Rights） can be analyzed not only by means of value and logic, but also by means of the history of Constitutionalism, in which the renaissance and governance of medieval cities play a crucial role. It is therefore of empirical significance to understand the relationship by historically depicting the relations between the formation of the constitutionalism in medieval cities and the pursuit of merchants. The demand of commercial liberty by professional merchants is the fundamental cause of the formation of the constitutionalism of medieval cities. This can be explored from the means utilized by professional merchants, including commercial laws, construction and managerial capabilities of commercial organizations established under merchants＇ professional consciousness and abilities, together with the consciousness and abilities of the rule of law originating in the western history.