中国应试教育的制度分析

An Analysis of the Examination-Oriented Education System of China

"应试教育"是中国特有的名词,在某种意义上是中国科举制的一种延续。应试教育具有教育目的的功利性、教学内容的单一性、教学方式的填鸭式和投机性等特点。应试教育的最大危害是泯灭了一个民族的创造性。中国应试教育存在的深层次原因是教育资源集中配置条件下的寻租。应试教育体制的历史客观原因有:路径依赖惯性、意识形态滞后、利益集团阻碍、教育评价技术不完善等。这些致使应试教育向素质教育的转换困难重重。配套的制度改革应改变以往应试教育体制的路径;转变教育观念,淡化读书定终生的传统意识形态;发展民办教育,从增量入手带动应试体制的改革;推行科学的教育评价机制等。

＂Examination-oriented education＂ is a term unique to China, and in a sense, a continuation of the Chinese imperial civil examination system. Examination-oriented education has the characteristics such as the utilitarian purpose of education, the uniformity of the teaching content, the spoon-feeding way of teaching, and the speculation. The greatest harm caused by examination-oriented education is the drain on the creativity of our nation. The deep-seated reason why China＇s examina- tion-oriented education exists is the rent-seeking under the condition of centralized allocation of educational resources. The historical and objective causes are： path dependence inertia, ideology lag, hindrance by interest groups, imperfection of the education evaluation techniques etc, which all make the transformation from examination-oriented education to quality-oriented education more difficult. Therefore, we should make supporting institutional reforms so as to change the old path of examination-oriented education system; transform the educational concepts and weaken the traditional ideology of ＂academic achievements determine one＇s lifetime＂; develop non-governmental education and promote the examination-oriented education system reformation through accumulating by increments and push the scientific educational evaluation mechanism forward.