头发的故事——身体的政治

Stories of Hair—the Politics of Body

身体的政治已经越来越多地受到知识界和思想界的关注。本文试图考察作为身体之一部分的头发所有的政治意义。在中国的历史上,历朝历代均有与头发相关的故事,自明清以降,中国的政治似乎更与头发有着不解之缘,甚至成了民族的一个难以解开的情结。入关的清兵用"留发不留头"征服大明的子民,"反清复明"的太平天国反其道而行,是"留辫不留头",主张"驱除鞑虏"的辛亥革命就这一点而言是承其余绪,便是章太炎也不能看透这一层,而鲁迅一方面以小说的形式表现了"头发的风波",却也在个人的日常生活中无法彻底地摆脱头发故事中的政治意义和社会内涵。头发成为民族革命的大舞台。及至当代,在反右和文化大革命这样的政治运动中,头发竟然又成了政治迫害的对象。不仅中国如此,发达的西方也莫能外,希特勒的法西斯和解放了的法国民族主义者同样也要在头发上做足文章。所以说,身体绝非一个简单的生命形式,更非没有内涵的肉身可以概括,身体的政治无处不在。

The politics of body has received more and more attention from the intelligentsia lately. This article attempts to discuss all the political significance of the hair as one part of the body. In China＇s history, each dynasty had its stories related to hair. It seems that since Ming and Qing Dynasty, China＇s politics has been tied to the hair more tightly. The hair even became the complex of the nationality which couldn＇t be explained easily. The armies of Qing Dynasty conquered the people of Ming Dynasty by the law stipulating ＂Have his hair cut or have his head cut!＂ while Taiping rebellion legislated against it as ＂Have his pigtail cut or have his head cut!＂ The Revolution of 1911 which advocated ＂Driving out the Manchurian cavalry!＂ followed suit. Even Zhang Taiyan couldn＇t see it though. Lu Xun wrote a novel entitled ＂the disturbance of one＇s hair＂ while he couldn＇t break away from the political significance within the story of hair especially in his own daily life. The hair became a big stage of the national revolution. After 1949, in the political movement such as antiRightist struggle （1957） and the ＂cultural revolution＂ （1966- 1976）, hairs became t.he object of witch hunt unexpectedly. In addition to China, the story of hair also happened in Western World. Hitler＇s fascism and the Liberated France nationalists are cases in point. Therefore, body can not be described only as a form of life. The politics of body is ubiquitous.