从家书活套透视明代后期家庭伦理危机——以万历间刊《万用正宗不求人》的“书启门”为考察中心

Perceiving the Ethical Crisis in Late Ming Dynasty through the Samples of Letters from Home in the Household Encyclopedias

中国古代家书不仅是亲属之间传情达意的私秘性文字,还真实记录了时代的变迁。由于家书浸透了浓重的伦理文化内涵,因此,家书又是窥视特定时代伦理文化风貌的独特窗口。明代万历年间余象斗刊《万用正宗不求人》的"书启门"辑录了许多家书活套,供人写作家书时临摹之用。通过对这些家书活套的多维透视发现:其内容表现出人伦亲情的疏离与淡化,其格式则有意轻视传统的伦理礼仪。这些标征表明,明代后期商品经济的发展,导致家庭伦理基石发生了转移,"重利轻义"思想对家庭伦理造成了强烈冲击,使之陷入了严重危机。同时,同性恋情书也被纳入家书,更意味着对传统家庭伦理的颠覆。

Letters from home are not only writing among relatives, but also record vicissitudes of ages. In the meantime, letters from home are soaked into thick meaning of ethical culture, so we can perceive the actual situation of certain times＇ ethical culture. In this article, the author centers in the letter category in WanYong ZhengZong BuQiuRen published by Yu Xiang-dou in the years reigned by Emperor Wan Li, and lay stress on letters from home in the above category, and discovered that their content desalts ethical emotions obviously, their forms despise letter etiquettes deliberately. All these indicate that businessmen＇s valuing profit above emotion brings about violent assault to traditional family ethics in late Ming Dynasty, even leads to critical social crisis.