侵权法归责原则的论争及其解析

On Principles of Determining Liability of Tort Law

侵权法归责是在某种事故损害出现之后,出于对无辜受害者不公正待遇的同情,从与事故损害有关联的当事人中间选择最为合适的责任承担者的一种努力。公平原则理应属于侵权法归责原则之一,当行为人的过错与责任比较而言显失公平时,需要公平原则予以矫正。侵权法对各归责原则的选择基于一系列与风险和损害相关联的参数,包括行为本身的社会价值、风险的可控程度、行为风险与利益的分布格局、事故造成的受益和损害分布格局和致害人过错与受害人损害的对比关系等。我国民法中的各项特殊侵权行为应依照上述参数重新确定其归责原则,对于本身既具有重要的社会价值又具有难以有效控制风险的行为,只有将收益者对受害者的赔偿看成是实施该行为的一个合法的前提才符合正义的要求。

Liability determination in tort law is an endeavor, with sympathy when damage occurs , from which judges select a reasonable related party to bear the liability. Equity principle, which corrects obvious unfitness between the doer＇s fault and his liability, is certainly a principle of determining liability of tort law. When selecting principles of determining liability, tort law will take into account a series of factors related to risk and damage, such as social value of activities, controllable degree of risk, formation of risk and benefit, comparative relationship between fault of harm - doer and the damage of victim. And principle of determining liability of special tort in our country＇s Civil Law should be re - determined referring to these factors. It is justified only if we regard the compensation from beneficiary to victim as the premise of executing those activities which have both important social value and uncontrollable risk.