论俄国农村公社与农民的兵役义务

Russian Rural Commune and Peasants’ Military Service

18世纪初,俄国确立等级义务兵役制,农民的兵役义务由此产生。兵役虽属国家义务,但国家并不直接从事征兵活动,而是由农村公社来实施。村社在选派新兵时力求遵循平均主义原则。随着农村商品经济的发展,村社内部的富裕农民开始从实体人充实军队的义务中解脱出来,这是农村社会分化的标志。兵役义务不仅是地主进行农奴制统治的重要方式,而且是农奴主和村社惩罚"不顺从"农民、"纯洁"农村社会成分、"保持社会稳定"的一种有效手段。

At the beginning of the 18th century, the estate compulsory service system was established in Russia, hence the military service of the peasants. Although it was a kind of duty for the country, soldiers were recruited not by the government, but by the rural communes （mirs）. The rural commune tried to recruit soldiers according to egalitarianism principle. With the development of the commodity economy in the country, rich peasants in rural commune began to get rid of the military duty in person. This is a symbol of the division between the rich and the poor in the commune. Military service was also an important way of ruling peasants by the landlords, it was an effective method for serf-owners and rural communes to punish disobedient peasants, to keep the purity of commune members and to maintain the stability of society.