用成组生物效应标记方法定量评价饮用水健康风险

Quantitatively assessing the health risks of drinking water based on a battery of in vitro bioassays

饮用水安全性密切关系着民众的健康,因此相关的水质评价方法也日益受到关注.国家标准中规定的水质分析主要采用化学分析的方法,但该方法不能提供未知污染物的浓度及其所引起的健康影响,而生物效应标记测试则能弥补这一方面的不足.本研究应用一组生物效应标记方法评价自来水水质,包括利用SOS/umu测试评价遗传毒性,利用重组基因酵母测试评价类雌激素效应,利用鼠肝癌细胞(H4IIE)EROD诱导测试评价芳烃(Ah)受体效应或类二噁英物质总体水平,同时对这些生物毒性引起的健康风险进行了定量评价.用上述方法评价了北方某市9个水厂不同季节原水和出水水质.分析结果表明,该市主要自来水厂原水和出水中的直接和间接遗传毒性物质、类雌激素效应物质和芳烃受体效应物质浓度水平总体较低,风险在可接受水平;从处理效率来看,水厂现有工艺对类雌激素物质有很好的去除效果,而对于Ah受体效应类物质由于其总体浓度偏低而去除效果不很明显,少数水厂处理后由于消毒副产物的产生等原因,遗传毒性略有升高.由此可见,应用生物效应标记方法能够对水厂的水源污染和水厂处理效果做出综合评价,该方法可以作为饮用水安全性评价的重要补充手段.

Water quality assessment has been drawn great attention due to close relationship between water quality and public health. The water quality evaluation has been conducted based on the methods of chemical analysis by which information of health risk is not available. However, bioassays can be used to compensate for the limitations in the traditional chemical methods. In this paper a battery of biomarker assays were applied to assess the health risks of drinking water from nine waterworks at different seasons. The results showed that the levels of toxicifies including genotoxicity, estrogenic effect and Ah receptor effect of source water and the produced water were low and the health risks were acceptable. Direct and indirect genotoxicity might increase slightly in the produced water after disinfection in some waterworks. All the waterworks showed good removal efficiency for estrogenic substances, but poor removal efficiency for Ah receptor agonists due to their too low concentrations. This study demonstrated that the battery of bioassays as an indispensable and complementary tool for water quality assessment can be used to comprehensively evaluate the treatment efficiency of waterworks and provide prompt and useful water quality information.