证明责任、证明标准和证明评价的实践互动与制度协调

The Practical Interaction and Institutional Coordination between Burden of Proof,Standard of Proof and Evaluation of Proof

证明责任、证明标准和证明评价三种证据法上的制度之间存在着互动与制约的关系,对其中一种制度的操纵,可以影响到另外两种制度的效果。就证明责任与证明标准的关系来看,法官对证明标准把握的不同,将会影响到当事人对主观的证明责任和客观的证明责任的承担,并且客观的证明责任和证明标准的功能逐渐趋同,都在为法官提供裁判的方法。就证明标准和证明评价的关系来看,证明标准设置的高与低,决定着法官证明评价的难与易,反过来,法官又可以通过证明评价来提高或者降低证明标准。就证明责任和证明评价的关系来看,法官通过证明评价活动对证明标准进行操纵,其最终结果将影响到当事人承担的主观的证明责任的轻重,同时将影响到客观的证明责任的分配。从制度上协调和优化三者关系的基本思路是从两个方面相向展开,一是使制度的设计更加贴近我国的实践,二是使实践的操作更加符合制度的目的。

There are interaction and mutual restraint between the three institutions in evidence law, namely, burden of proof, standard of proof and evaluation of proof. The manipulation of one of the three institutions can influence the effect of the other two. The basic ideas to harmonize and optimize the relations among the three in terms of institutions are spread in two aspects-one is to make the design of institutions closer to the practice in China and the other is to make the practical manipulation more conformed to the purpose of institutions .