原则与例外——清代民事证据制度的表达与实践

Principle and Exception:Expression and Practice in Civil Evidence Law in the Qing Dynasty

清代的民事诉讼立法虽没有对证据法的原则做出明确规定,但从这一时期官方的表达与司法实践中我们可以归纳出民事证据运用所应遵循的原则。这些原则主要有情证兼用原则、关联性原则、直接言词原则、遵循伦理原则及尊重民事习惯原则。证据原则的非法定化特征导致其约束力不强,实践中有较多的例外情形。

No express provisions about evidence rules can be found in the civil procedural law in the Qing Dynasty, but in official statements and judicial practice then evidential principles used in civil litigation can be deducted, which include reason-evidence principle, relevancy, direct testimony principle, consistence with ethics principle and observation of civil practices. The tendency of rules of evidence being made not by law results in impairing of their binding force and rampancy of exceptions in practice.