民国文官制度的独特创制

The Unique Institution of Civil Service System in the Republic of China

在中国古代,主要是通过科举制度选拔国家官员。科举制度废除后,孙中山主张在五权宪法的框架之中,由国家设置考试院,主管文官的选拔、任用和考绩。这一创新的理论实践于民国时期。在民国时期,文官考试制度开始运作和完善,其中的特种考试和检定考试是我国的独特创制。文官的任用、考绩、升调、奖惩、抚恤等制度称作文官"铨叙"制度,与文官考试制度相辅相成。文官"铨叙"制度最为规范,也是我国的独特创制。

Officials were selected through imperial examinations in ancient China. After the abolishment of imperial examinations, Sun Zhongshan proposed that an Examination Yuan（考试院） be established in charge of the selection, appointment and assessment of civilians under the framework of “the Five - Power Constitu- tion”. Civil service system was carried out during the Republic of China （RC） period and got improved increasingly, and the special test and assessment test are the unique institution of China. Furthermore, it is also a creation to establish the well organized system of “Quanxu”（铨叙）, which includes officials＇ appointment, assessment, promotion and shift, rewards and punishment, comfort and compensation.