上海市沿海滩涂土地资源圈围与潮滩发育演变分析

Analysis on the Development and Evolution of Tidal Flats and Reclamation of Land Resource along Shore of Shanghai City

上海市62%的土地是近2 000年来长江来沙堆积而成,尤其近50余年来,采用围垦—促淤—围垦等有效的拦沙造地方式,圈围滩涂1.01×105hm2,为缓解上海城市发展所需的土地资源紧缺、促进工农业发展和城市基本建设发挥了巨大的作用。论文将GIS平台获取大量滩涂变化的基本数据和长期现场观测资料相结合,总结并提出:充分利用长江来沙资源,采用中高潮滩种青和工程促淤拦沙圈围方法,可加速潮滩淤涨发育和滩涂土地资源增长,而低滩工程促淤虽然不利于潮滩地形快速恢复,但可快速获得大片土地资源。因而,保证了50余年来上海市在圈围土地与基本保持沿海潮滩湿地面积总量变幅较少方面取得双赢效果。

There was about 62% land resource of Shanghai developed as a result of the deposition of sediment from the Yangtze River in the past 2 000 years.Especially in the latest 50 years, some efficient methods included Inning-Siltation Promotion-Inning, had been adopted to block up the sediment and to create land.These reclamated land resource amounting to 1.01～105hm^2 had the land area enlarged by 15.8% in Shanghai.Obviously ,it was important that the reclamation of land could alleviate shortage of land resource for the development of Shanghai ,and promote industrial and agricultural development and capital construction.Based on the data of the tidal fiat elevation data obgained by GIS and the long term field survey of hydrology and sediment,it was found that the abundant sediment from the Yangtze River and its adjacent areas,the hydrologic regimes around the Yangtze River estuary were advantageous to create new land resource.Many projects,which included crop cultivation works,waterway closure works,siltation promotion project on low tidal flats,piling up sediment from shallow seabed to the inner region of the dam,damming under water,etc.,had been successfully adopted around the shore of Shanghai.Different methods should be used at the corresponding phase in order to take a great advantage of the sediment supplied by the Yangtze River for promoting siltation.For example, some Inning Projects such as crop cultivation works and river branch closure works were developed at the middle and high tidal flats,which could accelerate the siltation of tidal fiats and the increment of land resource.However,the projects of damming works and piling up sediment from shallow seabed to the inner region of the dam were done at the low tidal flats, which resulted in the expansion of the land resources and exposure of shallow sea topography.It was proved over the past 50 years that situations between reclaimed areas of land and changes of the areas of wetland and tidal fiats could keep sustainable development.