现阶段我国耕地利用集约度变化及其政策启示

Intensity Change in Cultivated Land Use in China and Its Policy Implications

近年来,随着社会经济的快速发展和市场经济的不断完善,我国耕地利用中,农户利益最大化的个体追求逐步由耕地产出最大化向劳动力效益最大化方向发展,粮食生产对于农户的重要性在下降,导致我国粮食生产中耕地、资本和劳动力投入在1998年后出现下降趋势,北京、天津、上海、浙江、福建、江西、湖北、广东等省(市)区甚至出现耕地利用集约度总体下降的情况。耕地利用集约度的这一变化对我国粮食安全将产生深远的影响。文章在分析上述情况后认为,为实现我国粮食安全的国家目标,需要在耕地保护政策的基础上,进一步采取政策措施提高粮食生产的规模效益,以缓解粮食安全的国家目标与个体利益最大化的农户目标之间的冲突。

The area of cultivated land in China decreased from 35×10^4ha/yr （1980-1996） to 98×10^4ha/yr （1997-2005）,resulted from rapid economic development following the 1978 reforms. In response to the growing demand of society for grain products,intensification has become the overwhelming choice in cultivated land use.But this choice came into conflict with farmers＇ pursuance in recent years,as the grain production is declining in importance for farmers with market economic improvement.Has the cultivated land use been intensive or extensive in the conflict between social interests and individual interest？How to release the conflict if extensive trend exists？ The intensity changes in cultivated land use were discussed firstly on country scale.Increase of multi-cropping index （MCI） during 1952-2005 implied the intensification in cultivated land use in this period.But the sown area of grain decreased from 113787000hm^2 in 1998 to 99410000ha in 2003 and 104278000ha in 2005.Meanwhile, the grain yield per unit-sown area had a reduction from 4502kg/ha in 1998 to 4332kg/ha in 2003,and then went up to 4642kg/ha in 2005.The downward trend of grain sown area and grain yield per sown-unit area during 1998-2003,revealed input reduction of cultivated land,expense and labor in grain production.The rise in 2004-2005 can be ascribed to the implement of new agriculture policy.Those facts mean that lower incentive for raising cultivated land use intensity already threatens grain production in China. On regional scale,the intensity in cultivated land use varied across provinces.MCI decreased in regional disparity in Beijing, Shanghai,Tianjin,Zhejiang,Fujian,Jiangxi,Hubei and Guangdong during 1996-2003.Furthermore,these provinces reduced their grain sown area synchronously. Other provinces that reduced their grain sown area included Hebei,Shanxi,Inner Mongolia, Liaoning.Jiangsu.Shangdong.Henan.Hunan.Guangxi.Hainan.Sichuan,Shaanxi,Gansu,Qinghai,and Xinjiang.Except for input reduction of cultivated land in grain production,input of labor and expense declined in some of the above regions till 2005. Farmer＇s pursuance change is at the root of the intensity change in cultivated land use.It had turned from maximizing the output of land to maximizing the income of labor force with the development of market economy.In order to achieve the goal of national food security,relevant policies and measures should be further taken to alleviate the conflict between the nation＇s goal and farmers＇ goal of maximizing their interests.These policies and measures should speed up the flow of cultivated land between farmers and encourage farmers to extend their farm scale with higher technological level.