超越国界的分配正义——世界主义分配正义论的哲学基础与现实可能

Distributive Justice beyond Borders:Philosophical Foundations and the Possibility for Cosmopolitan Distributive Justice

面对全球范围日益扩大的贫富差距,冷战后在西方再度复兴的世界主义思潮提出了全球分配正义的构想,并运用契约论、权利论、义务论等多种哲学理论加以论证。契约论试图将罗尔斯的正义理论延伸至全球范围,倡导全球资源、财富的分配向弱势群体倾斜。权利论将维持生计视为所有人的基本权利,这一基本权利不仅是人们必须享有的最低限度的权利,而且由此可以推导出要求他人提供援助的积极义务。义务论则运用康德哲学的有关概念,论证了如消除饥饿等跨国义务的"绝对性"。与世界主义相对的社群主义理论从共同体及其特殊性出发,对全球正义的主张提出了批评。然而,全球化进程的种种现实表明,一个事关人类命运的全球共同体正在形成,超越国界的分配正义观不仅有其现实合理性,也为未来世界秩序的重建提供了一个努力的方向。

The vast differences in global wealth give rise to wide moral concern in the post-cold war era. Cosmopolitanism proposes a global distributive justice project in order to change this situation. Within the literature on cosmopolitan global justice, the main approaches are contractarian, rights-based, and duty-based theories. Some scholars employ the Rawlsian contractarian device globally to argue that the principle of difference should apply to all. Rights-based theory maintains that rights to subsistence are basic to human rights and result in duties to protect these vital interests. The basis of the duty-based approach is the Kantian categorical imperative, which assigns international obligations to feed the hungry. Many contemporary communitarianists argue that cosmopolitanism fails to recognize the ethical ties and special duties generated by membership in a nation. But in the age of globalization, the possibility of justice beyond borders is manifested by the emergence of a global community.