岷江上游小流域景观格局对土壤侵蚀过程的影响

Effects of sub-watershed landscape patterns at the upper reaches of Minjiang River on soil erosion

以GIS为平台,利用泥沙输移分布模型模拟了岷江上游黑水流域和镇江关流域的流域侵蚀量、产沙量的空间分布,将模拟结果与土地利用图相结合,分析了各土地利用/覆被类型方式对侵蚀、产沙过程的影响,并利用景观空间负荷对比指数分析了土地利用/覆被类型随空间要素的配置、贡献权重和组成比例对土壤侵蚀的影响.结果表明:不同土地利用方式的土壤侵蚀模数不同,依次为裸岩>居民点>草地>农田>灌木林>林地;不同土地利用/覆被类型的产沙模数没有明显差异.2个流域土地利用/覆被类型随坡度的空间配置较优,随相对高度、相对距离和运移距离的空间配置较差;2个流域土地利用/覆被类型随着空间元素的配置各有优势,考虑土地利用/覆被类型的贡献权重后,镇江关流域的格局优势增加,当进一步考虑土地利用/覆被类型的组成比例时,镇江关流域的格局则优于黑水流域;只有综合考虑空间配置、贡献权重和组成比例,才能全面度量流域景观格局对土壤侵蚀的影响.坡度的景观空间负荷对比指数的构造不能准确地表现土地利用/覆被类型的贡献权重、组成比例对土壤侵蚀的影响,还需进一步改进.

Based on GIS, the spatial distribution of soil loss and sediment yield in Heishui and Zhenjiangguan sub-watersheds at the upper reaches of Minjiang River was simulated by using sediment delivery-distribution （SEDD） model, and the effects of land use/cover types on soil erosion and sediment yield were discussed, based on the simulated results and related land use maps. A landscape index named location-weighted landscape contrast index （LCI） was calculated to evaluate the effects of landscape components＇ spatial distribution, weight, and structure of land use/cover on soil erosion. The results showed the soil erosion modulus varied with land use pattern, and decreased in the order of bare rock 〉 urban/village 〉 rangeland 〉 farmland 〉 shrub 〉 forest. There were no significant differences in sediment yield modules among different land use/covers. In the two sub-watersheds, the spatial distribution of land use/covers on slope tended to decrease the final sediment load at watershed outlet, but as related to relative elevation, relative distance, and flow length, the spatial distribution tended to increase sediment yield. The two sub-watersheds had different advantages as related to landscape components＇ spatial distribution, but, when the land use/cover weight was considered, the advantages of Zhenjiangguan sub-watershed increased. If the land use/cover structure was considered in addition, the landscape pattern of Zhenjiangguan sub-watershed was better. Therefore, only the three elements, i.e. , landscape components＇ spatial distribution, land use/cover weight, and land use/cover structure, were considered comprehensively, can we get an overall evaluation on the effects of landscape pattern on soil erosion. The calculation of LCI related to slope suggested that this index couldn＇ t accurately reflect the effects of land use/cover weight and structure on soil erosion, and thus, needed to be modified.