发展人类学视角中的传统知识及其对发展实践的启示

Indigenous Knowledge and Its Application in Development Practices-Development Anthropological Perspectives

文章以发展人类学的视角,从缓解贫困、倡导包容式公平发展、谋求发达国家和发展中国家和谐的发展实践需求出发,分析了传统知识的内涵,传统知识在现代科技发展过程中的作用,被边缘化的过程,以及人们重新认识到传统知识在维持自然生态系统平衡、地方可持续发展等方面的作用和地位。在我国传统知识处于被边缘化的境地,其反映为用现代科技思维方式、标准来编撰传统知识,用现代知识产权保护的制度框架来讨论传统知识保护的问题。从发展人类学视角看,保护传统知识,是为了人类的可持续发展,是为了保卫人类现在和将来发展模式的一个选项,是为了保卫人类的文明成果,是为了保卫人类生活方式的多样性。然而处在纷繁复杂、充满矛盾、利益和权力纷争的现实世界中,这样的理想陷入了迷茫,不得不聚焦于公平发展和利益分配的讨论。文章认为,必须建立适合传统知识的价值准则、评价标准和保护和开发理论和方法,才能实现事实上处于霸权的现代科技的平等。

From the perspective of development anthropology, poverty alleviation, inclusive development, equity and balance in development between the developing and developed countries, this article analyzed the concept and connotation of traditional knowledge, contribution in scientific knowledge development, historic process being marginalized, roles and functions in maintaining ecosystem and sustainable development. In China, a lot of traditional knowledge has been compiled with the perspective of conceptual framework of scientific knowledge. It is a dominant discourse to apply the normative framework of intellectual property right for conservation of traditional knowledge. Thus traditional knowledge has been marginalized in the development discourse. From the development anthropological perspective, to protect traditional knowledge is for sustainable development, for diversity of development and livelihood models, and for the protection of cultural heritage. However, facing with the complexity, contradiction and conflicts of the real world, the above ideological concept has fallen into confusion and confined to the debate on equity of development and benefit sharing of traditional knowledge protection and utilization. Author of this paper maintains that only when appropriate normative framework, conceptual theory and methodology for protection and utilization of traditional knowledge are established, can traditional knowledge be in the negotiation position to share equal roles with the scientific knowledge in development.