力量和柔韧性中机体与肌肉的生物力学特性与变化

Changes and characteristics of human body and muscle biomechanics in stretching and strength training

学术背景:抗阻力训练可以诱导机体产生多种生理性适应,其中最显著生理性适应的可能是改变骨骼肌的形态和功能。在抗组力训练前通常会进行肌肉的拉伸或柔韧性练习,急性或长期拉伸练习对随后力量训练产生的影响与生物力学的关系十分密切。目的:归纳分析肌肉的拉伸或柔韧性运动中生物力学变化及拉伸练习引起机体适应的变化机制。检索策略:应用计算机检索www.Ovid.com数据库和http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov网站1996-01/2007-05期间的相关文章,检索词为flexibility,stretching,elasticity,range of movement,range of motion,training and injury,限定文章语言种类为English。在检索272篇文献中,选择拉伸运动与抗阻力训练,拉伸练习诱导的机体适应机制,拉伸练习与运动损伤等文献108篇。文献评价:在108篇文献中,删除20篇重复文献;对88篇文献进行分类整理,选择其中密切相关的30篇文献进行归纳总结,其中人体和动物实验25篇,综述文献5篇。资料综合:①抗组力训练前进行肌肉的拉伸练习是否可以避免肌肉损伤,肌肉酸痛,提高成绩,目前还存在较大争议。②柔韧性训练导致力量增加的可能原因是长期的拉伸练习诱导的肌肉肥大。③拉伸练习引起机体适应的变化机制包括神经系统适应、肌肉结构性适应、细胞性适应和体内激素变化。④回顾性调查结果显示拉伸练习并不能预防肌肉或关节的损伤,相反可能会增加肌肉或关节损伤的危险性。结论:拉伸练习可导致肌肉力量下降,但其中的变化机制尚需进一步调查研究。柔韧性长期训练能提高协调能力、运动技术和本体感受器感受刺激的能力。在力量训练中,避免长时间拉伸练习对于预防肌肉或关节的损伤可能会有效果。

BACKGROUND： Resistance training can induce many physiological adaptations. The change in structure and function of skeletal muscle adaptations may be predominant. A stretching or flexibility exercise is often performed before resistance training, which can affect the resistance training and has a close correlation with biomechanics. OBJECTIVE： To induce and review the biomechanical changes in stretching or flexibility exercise and the physiological adaptations associated with stretching or flexibility exercise. RETRIEVE STRATEGY： The relevant English articles dated from January 1996 to May 2007 were computer-searched in www.Ovid.com and http：//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov with the keywords of ＂flexibility, stretching, elasticity, range of movement, range of motion, training and injury＂. Among the 272 collected articles, 108 were about stretching and resistance exercise, stretching exercise induced adaptation mechanisms, and stretching and exercise injury. LITERATURE EVALUATION： Among the 108 articles, 20 repetitive ones were deleted; the rest 88 were classified and sorted, and 30 of them served as references including 25 human and animal experiments and 5 review articles. DATA SYNTHESIS： ①There are many disputes about whether the stretching or flexibility exercise before resistance training can prevent muscle injury and muscle soreness, even enhance performance. ②The enhancement of strength following long-term stretching training may be attributed to hypertrophy of the stretched muscles. ③The adaptation mechanisms undedying the effects of stretching exercises include neurological adaptations, structural adaptations, cellular adaptations and hormonal adaptations. ④The retrospective studies have shown that acute stretching exercises maybe not prevent but enhance the risks of muscle or joint injury. CONCLUSION： Stretching training could cause the decrease in muscular strength, but the mechanisms still demand further investigation. Regular flexibility exercise improves coordination, exercise skill, and propdoceptor. Dunng strength training, a long time stretching training should be avoided so as to prevent muscle and joint injury.