从《汉书》看先秦两汉“拘、囚、系(繫)”的发展演变

the Development of the synonyms “JU(拘),QIU(囚) and XI(系)(繫)” in Hanshu during Pre-Qin to the Former and the latter Han Dynasty

本文对《汉书》中出现的“拘、囚、系(繫)”这组同义词进行了细致的描写,并以之与先秦两汉时期的使用情况做了比较:春秋战国以前,表“拘禁”义主要用“囚”和“拘”,二词在战国时期竞争激烈。从汉初开始,表“拘禁”义的“系(繫)”开始呈上升趋势,到《汉书》中占主导地位。“囚”虽一直沿用至《汉书》,但组合能力已十分有限。“拘”表“拘禁义”随着“系(繫)”的上升而相对处于劣势,出现频率并不高,但在《汉书》出现了新的组合“拘留”,此形式被现代汉语继承下来。

I selected “JU（拘）, QIU （囚） and XI （系） （繁）” from Hanshu, and depicted the synonyms development during Pre-Qin to the Former and the latter Han Dynasty. Before the Warring States, JU（拘） and QIU （囚） tuwwas used much more often and competed each other during the Warring States .From Han Dynasty, XI （系） （繁） had used much more and taken the place of JU（拘） and QIU （囚） in Hanshu.Although QIU （ 囚 ）has been used in Hanshu, it has limited combination ability; JU（拘） of frequency of occurrences was not high,but has new combination “Ju Liu（拘）” in Hanshu, and was followed in modem Chinese.