权力的集中：城市显贵控制佛罗伦萨政治的方式

The Optimates and the Concentration of the State Power in Florentine Republic

1282年建立起来的佛罗伦萨政府,确立了一套政治制度和政府组织原则,这套基本体系一直被沿用了250年。从1382年到1480年,佛罗伦萨经历了一个持续的权力垄断过程。城邦中的显贵家族借助一系列集权措施——尤其是控制选举程序、成立临时特别权力机构巴利阿——在佛罗伦萨逐渐建立起了寡头政治。在这个过程中,政治寡头的集权需要和权力过度集中所产生的特权家族却形成了一对矛盾。二者之间的对立不仅引发了1458年危机和1466年共和运动,更成为寡头集团在1494年之后频繁发动革命的内在原因,并对佛罗伦萨共和国的最终衰亡产生了深远的影响。

The constitutional system and the government organization established by the 1282 regime in Florence had long been the fundamental elements for Florentine government for the next 250 years. Florence from 1382 to 1480 saw a continual concentration of the state power. The optimates took a series of reformations to make sure that the ruling citizens be strictly among themselves. The control of election and the almost fully empowered Balia played a decisive role in the whole maneuver. With the development of the scheme, the optimates found at the same time the realization of their oligarchy ruling and the split between their boss and themselves. The paradox inside the governing structure became the deep reason of not only the 1459 crisis and 1466 Republic Movement, but also the repetitious coups between 1494 and 1530, which eventually worked as a fundamental cause of the fall of the Florentine Republic.