试论清代松潘藏区的“改土设弁”

The Reform from Tusi (土司, Local Ethnic Chieftain) to Tubian (土弁, Local Ethnic Military Official) in Tibetan Area of Songpan (松潘)

历来治清代川边藏区土司制者,对川西北松潘藏区土司研究甚少,且对清中叶后松潘藏区土司多不见记载颇感困惑。本文即在对清初松潘藏区土司及分布梳理的基础上,论述咸丰十年松潘发生的"庚申番变",以及同治二年事变平息后,清廷采取的善后措施,即废除参与事变的土司,改设土弁,并定期给予饷银,也就是所谓的"改土设弁"。最后,对松潘藏区改土设弁的性质、意义作了简约的评述。

The researchers who study the Tusi system of the border areas of Sichuan province discuss rarely Tusi of Songpan in north-western Sichuan and don't understand why so few of Tusi of Songpan was recorded since the middle of the Qing Dynasty. This paper traces the Tusi of Songpan and their distribution in the early Qing and discussed the 'ethnic rebellion of Gen-Shen year, 1860 (庚申番变).' In 1862, After the rebellion ended, the Qing abolished the Tusi engaging in the rebellion and established the Tubian who got the salary from the Qing regularly. That was called reform from Tusi to Tubian. Then the paper reviews briefly the characteristic and meaning of the reform.