宋以前中国社会伦理相对薄弱的家族因素——从社会史研究的视角出发看汉唐时期的伦理问题

春秋战国时期至隋唐时期的中国社会生活主要有以下特点:(1)整个这段时间,以小家庭为主,其不但贯穿始终,甚至常常独步天下。(2)家族或宗族的形式十分有限,其不仅时隐时现,若有若无,更重要的是普遍不具有宋代以后家族或宗族那种制度性的形式。由此,建立在这一社会生活之上的伦理观念主要包括这样一些特征:(1)核心观念应当是能够普遍在基本家庭单位立足的"孝"观念;(2)普遍的小家庭形式,同时也会在财产、赡养等方面对"孝"观念形成侵蚀和背离;(3)就社会整体而言,缺乏更大的集合或更大的平台,由此也缺乏在更大的集合状况下或更大的平台基础上所制定的种种伦理规范,具体而言,即是宋以后社会那种家法族规;(4)偶尔浮现的一些家训是这一时期个别家族或宗族在伦理观念上的结晶,但它仅仅具有偶然性和或然性,而不具有必然性和盖然性,也就是说它不具有普遍的作为社会风尚的意义;(5)与此相关,以小家庭为平台的"利"观念或许在整个社会占据更为中心的位置,少数思想家对于"义"的美好愿望和善意引导由于没有切实的制度性平台作为依托而多半付诸东流。

The Chinese social activities from the and Tang dynasty have the following characteristics： period of Chunqiu and Zhanguo to that of Sui （1） The whole period regards small family as principle; （2） The form of household or clan is very limited and intermittent. What＇s the more important is that this period commonly has no form of household and clan after Sung dynasty. Thereby, ethical ideas established on this social life mainly include these characteristics： （1） The core idea should be ＂filial piety＂ idea that can be widespread into basic family units; （2） But because of widespread small family form, in the meantime, there will be erosion of and deviation from the ＂filial piety＂ idea in the aspects such as property, support, ger platform consisting of family units, and thus lacks etc. （3） The society lacks larger gather or larall kinds of ethical norms based on the larger gather or platform. Concretely speaking, that is, that kind of domestic discipline and clan rules after Sung dynasty; （4） Some parental precepts which occasionally present are the crystal of ethical ideas of individual household or clan at that time, but it has contingency and probability and has no inevitability; （5） Relatively, the idea of ＂benefit＂ based on small family units maybe occupied the more central position in the whole society, and a few thinkers＇ good wishes about ＂righteousness＂, because of lack of solid and institutional terrace as their support, very probably failed.