竞技运动比赛中的观众效应及其影响因素

Audience Effect in Sports Competition and Its Influencing Factors

观众效应作为一种现象,早就引起注意并且给予研究。但是涉及这种现象背后的原因、复杂性,以及引起这种复杂性的因素的研究不多,本文就这些方面展开论述。认为观众效应可能是积极的,也可能是消极的,它的性质受运动项目的性质、主场和客场因素、观众的专业水平、观众与运动员的关系、观众的数量、观众的性别、运动员的专项运动技能水平、比赛经验、特质焦虑和状态焦虑水平、内外控等因素的综合影响。

Audience effect, as a kind of phenomenon, has been studied for a long time. However, there are little researches on the reasons and complexity behind this phenomenon, and the cause of such complexity, which is discussed in this paper. Audience effect could be positive or nega- tive, which is under control of combined effects, such as the nature of sports items, home or guest effect, professional level of audience, relationship between audience and athletes, amount and gender of audience, professional skills of athletes, and their competition experiments, trait and state anxiety and internal or external orientation and so on.