陇中旱区温室棚面集水和节水灌溉应用效果研究

Artificial Rainwater-collecting System of Greenhouse and Managed Irrigation for Three Vegetables in Semi-arid Regions of Middle Gansu

为了寻求有效提高降水利用效率（RUE）和蔬菜水分利用效率（WUE）的途径,以探索解决半干旱区设施蔬菜生产的可持续发展问题。试验从2001-2004年分别对降水集聚量、蔬菜耗水量、蔬菜经济产量和降水量进行不间断的测定,并对膜下渗灌、膜下滴灌、膜下沟灌和露地沟灌（对照）供水效率、产量、耗水量以及水分利用效率进行了观测。结果表明,集水效率与降雨量密切相关,降水强度增大则集水效率提高,3 a平均集水效率为64.75%,丰水年（2003）的集水效率为71.25%,较平均值提高了11.92%;干旱年份（2002）的集水效率为59.33%,较3 a平均降低了5.42%。膜下渗灌的供水效率和WUE最高,膜下滴灌次之,再次为膜下沟灌,露地沟灌最低。膜下渗灌和膜下滴灌的WUE分别较露地沟灌在黄瓜生产中提高了49.41%,27.20%,在番茄生产中分别提高了69.20%,65.34%。黄瓜和番茄地膜覆盖较露地分别节水27.36%和26%。膜下渗灌的节水效率最高,在黄瓜和番茄生产中分别较露地对照节水42.64%和31.3%。食用菌是一种耗水少的蔬菜种类,在本试验中,它节余的水分可以补充高耗水蔬菜种类的需水不足,来维持整个温室生产中的水分平衡和提高温室生产的经济效益,所以食用菌必须纳入整个温室生产的循环体系中,以维持整个温室生产体系水分供需平衡。

The objective of this study is to search after the effective rainwater-collecting methods and managed irrigation ways to increase rainwater use efficiency （RUE） and vegetable water use efficiency （WUE） in greenhouse, and further to establish the sustain technology system for the vegetable culture in greenhouse in semi-arid region. The experiment was carried out from 2001 to 2004. In the three years, the collected rainwater amounts, vegetable water consumptions, vegetable economic yields and rainfall were nonstop monitored and recorded, and the irrigation efficiency, yield and water consumption in sub-irrigation, drip irrigation under mulched plastics film, furrow irrigation under mulched plastics film and open-furrow irrigation （control） with sufficient water supply were investigated. The result showed that the rainwater-collecting coefficient is closely related to the rainfall. As the rainfall increased, the rainwater-collecting coefficient and the rainwater-collecting amount in-had the highest water saving efficiency, saving water by 42.64 % in cucumber and 31.3 % in tomato compared with the controls. Mushroom （Pleurotus sajor-caju （Fr.） Sing） was the vegetable with the highest water saving efficiency and the lowest water requirement in this experiment, its saved water could be supplied to the vegetables with high water requirement, and thus maintaining the water bal- ance and increasing the economic incomes of the greenhouse as a whole, and accordingly, the mushroom should be integrated in the rotation of vegetable planting in the greenhouse.