《论语》的文体意义

Significance of Literary Style of Lunyu(论语)

《论语》的文体源自史官文献中以"王若曰"、"君子曰"为标志的"语"体。以"语"体和"子曰"的形式载录孔子的言论,是为了实现孔子的"立言"理想,并将他归入史官、君子这一文化传统。《论语》继承了《春秋》"微言大义"的话语构建模式,它不具有真理认知的特征,而是通过指示性的陈述,将事实置于各种实际关系之中,从而表达出对事实的态度,也因而显示出个别性、即时性的特点。此外,《论语》还继承了史官"述而不作,信而好古"的经典阐释方式,即通过"辞达"缩小自己与神圣文本之间的界限,让意义自我显示出来。《论语》总是通过鼓励学生接近真理,并指示路径,但却从不直接表白最终真理。因此,《论语》的结论具有相对性、主观性特点。指示性源自宗教叙事的启示性,其之所以能成立,在于孔子承继了古代瞽史的话语方式,并被认为是一种"卡里斯马"式的准宗教领袖。《论语》之后,墨子、孟子等学者往往自觉编写这种语录体著作。

Recording Confucius words by Yu ('语')style and 'zi said'('子曰') is to finalize Kong Zis dream of 'making speech' and summarize Confucius in the historian culture tradition. Lunyu(《论语》) inherited the expression style of 'deep significance with simple word' ('微言大义')of Chunqiu(《春秋》). It is not the understanding to the truth, but putting the fact into kinds of ethics relations by instruction description, and thus to express attitudes to the fact. In addition, Lunyu(《论语》) further inherited the classicality expression style of 'explaining but not creating, and believing the ancients' of historians. To demonstrate the significance by itself, it shortened the gap from oneself to classicality by the way of 'achieving by word'. Lunyu(《论语》)always encouraged students to achieve to the truth and showed the way, but never indicated the truth directly. Therefore, the expression of Lunyu(《论语》) was relative and subjective.