海底甲烷冷泉特征与冷泉生态系统的群落结构

Characteristics of cold seeps and structures of chemoauto-synthesis-based communities in seep sediments

海底冷泉及冷泉生态系统是现代海洋地质学和生物学研究的前沿领域,它提升了人类对深海资源的认识和利用,拓展了深海极端环境下生命的潜在界线。综述了海底甲烷冷泉的成因、冷泉喷发的类型及其特征,海底冷泉分布、形成的主要阶段(150—100Ma BP,42—28Ma BP和12Ma BP以来)以及指示海底冷泉系统的简要特征;综述了冷泉化能自养生态系统及其食物链构成和特征,专性种、潜在专性种和非专性种的生物组成及其特征,冷泉环境中有孔虫和轻小型底栖动物的主要变化;最后划分了我国近海的冷泉区(点)并简要介绍它们的分布和特征,为开展我国近海冷泉及其冷泉生物群落的调查和研究提供了基础资料。

Cold seeps and chemoautosynthesis-based ecosystems （cold-seep ecosystems） are the frontiers of modern marine geology and biology since the study and exploration of cold seeps as well as cold-seep ecosystems will increase human access to the deep-sea energy sources and expand the potential boundaries of life in extreme environments. The paper summarized the characters of cold seeps, including （1） origins of cold seeps, types and characteristics of discharge; （2） distributions of cold seeps and their formation stages （150 100Ma BP, 42 28Ma BP and after 12Ma BP）; and （3） direct or indirect indicators of marine cold seeps. Furthermore, it introduced the structures of chemoautosynthesis-based communities in seep sediments, including （1） chemoautosynthesis-based system and the food web model; （2） various faunal groups and species of obligate species, potentially obligate species and non-obligate species; and （3） typical changes of some foraminifera and metazoan meiofauna in cold-seep marine sediments. Finally, the paper outlined the divisions of cold seeps or cold-seep ecosystems offshore China, and briefly described their distributions and characters.